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Blasting Method Of Ground Improvement
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Denis TejakDenis Tejac SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, Siniša StankovićSiniša Stanković SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2, * and Ivan KovačIvan Kovač SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1
Received: 18 June 2019 / Revised: 26 August 2019 / Accepted: 30 August 2019 / Published: 1 September 2019
Transforming Drilling And Blasting
In geotechnical practice, there is often a need to improve the properties of soil and rocks from which various objects are built. For this purpose, spherical cavity blasting can be used to expand the borehole. This extension can include various structural elements, such as anchors, and thus stabilize the slope. The article presents a method for determining the increase in volume, expansion and deepening of a well as a result of blasting a spherical cavity. In addition, mathematical models are presented that describe the dependence of well expansion on the amount of explosive charge. The models are compared with each other using the Akaike information criterion.
The spherical cavity method in clay soils has numerous positive effects in terms of improving the properties of the clay in the wider blasting area and creating a local spherical cavity at the bottom of the well. The application possibilities and consequences of this type of blasting have not been sufficiently investigated, especially with regard to the simplicity of the method and the degree of improvement of soil properties and increase in the volume of the well.
The term “spherical cavity explosion” mainly explains the expansion of the borehole, which is achieved by a single or successive repeated explosion of a small amount of explosive located at the bottom of the borehole [1]. The main explosive charge is located in the expansion zone of the well, and the secondary explosive charge is in the well directly above the main charge. After the initial explosion, the detonation gas pressure interacts with the soil/material at the bottom of the borehole [2]. As a result, the ground in the blast zone begins to move, and the distant layers are compressed [3], forming a spherical cavity. The formation of a spherical expansion cavity during the sequential repetition of step-by-step blasting operations is shown in Figure 1.
The main effects of blasting in soils, especially clayey soils, are the installation of structural elements for anchoring foundations and retaining walls, permanent stabilization of clay slopes, as well as stabilization of various commercial buildings such as power transmission poles, tunnels, etc.
Techniques For Tunneling Through Difficult Terrains
An example of the application of the method is the compaction of cohesive clay soil with explosive means for stabilizing slopes by attaching them to various above-ground and underground structures. Due to the detonation of the resulting shock wave and the pressure of the detonation gas in the soil near the explosive charge, an overpressure is created in the pores and intense vibrations. At the same time, the natural structure of the clay is destroyed, a free volume (cavity) is created near the explosive charge, and in the zone next to the wall of the well, that is, expansion, there is intense compaction of the clay with an increase in density. (Figure 2).
The measure of the success of blasting operations is the spherical expansion and the volume of the resulting expansion (Figure 3). The degree of expansion and properties of compacted clay can be determined by field and laboratory methods. Optimization of spherical blasting operations on clay can be achieved in terms of type and weight of explosives, blasting parameters and reduction of potentially harmful environmental impacts. Determining the impact and impact of individual explosive charges can be carried out using the original method of recording and measuring the resulting expansion of the spherical cavity, developed for the purposes of the aforementioned research.
For a complete analysis of the consequences of a spherical cavity explosion, it is necessary to create mathematical models that describe the dependence of the volume increase, expansion and deepening of the well on the amount of explosive charge. The results obtained from this study are graphically presented in scatter plots. The results are presented as regression curves of different models. The reliability of the models and the success of their integration with experimental data were determined.
The article presents the results of blasting a spherical cavity according to three indicators of blasting efficiency: increase in volume, expansion and deepening of the hole. Two types of explosives were used in the research: Pakaex and Permonex, with the following properties: Pakaex: density 0.87 g/cm.
Iii Ii Ground Improvement Techniques
At the end of the 1980s, research was conducted into the possibility of attaching anchors and clamps to structures built in soft soil [4]. Excavation is one of the most difficult tasks in the construction of underground structures and tunnels. Therefore, attempts are being made to develop methods that can facilitate the creation of underground structures in rocks that are geotechnically considered soils. Almost all known methods of anchoring using prestressing rods, pipes or cables using cement or plastic grouts have not proven very successful when anchoring in clay, loam or similar soft or earthy materials. Anchors are made in the form of rigid profiles (iron bars or pipes) or in the form of steel cables [5]. This patented process is based on the fact that the detonation of a certain mass of explosive placed in a coherent surface well results in a limited expansion, usually spherical in shape. The volume of the sphere depends on the mass and type of explosive used and, of course, on the geotechnical characteristics of the soil [6, 7, 8].
In addition to conventional construction methods that effectively improve the geotechnical properties of soft soil over a wider area, in some cases it is possible to use the energy released by detonating an explosive charge below the soil surface, which is called explosive compaction. Explosive compaction (EC) is essentially a soil modification technique in which the non-detonating energy of an explosive under underground conditions is used to compact soft soil layers. The effectiveness of EC is highly dependent on the soil profile, soil texture and type of explosive. Analyzing the results of field tests conducted at 13 sites around the world where EC has been successfully used for soil modification, it was determined that EC can be an effective method for improving the density, stability and strength of clay. The application results showed suitable performance for unstable and liquid sediments in the particle size range from gravel to dry sand with less than 10% clay content. [9].
In addition to the above, based on the available literature, it can be concluded that the improvement of geotechnical properties of soft soils by the method of explosive compaction (EC) is used to a lesser extent than in traditional construction methods, such as “vibration compaction method” (VC). methods: deep soil mixing (DSM), deep dynamic compaction (DDC) or jet grouting.”
However, the literature presents a developed method and 3D visualization for displaying the natural heterogeneity of rocks in drilled wells. Application of this method is 3D visualization of fracture distribution in volumes near wells for well planning, formation scale model construction, formation flow modeling and hydraulic fracturing management [10].
Ground Improvement Techniques Me 3rd Sem
The classification and characterization of rock structures is determined by the joint interpretation of core recordings and acoustic recordings of the borehole wall [11].
BoreIS (software) was developed as an extension of the ESRI Arcscenes three-dimensional (3D) GIS environment. Interactive manipulation of BoreIS terms in complex queries, simple addition of contour surfaces, and masking with lithology or formation helps geologists find spatial patterns in their data that go beyond data tables and flat maps [12].
In connection with the above, there was a need to develop an application and a unique method for volume calculation and 3D representation of the resulting spherical expansion. The described method shows the integration of GNSS measurement data and data obtained by application measurements